History of Egypt

History of Egypt

North East Africa contains the nation known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. The history of London goes back more than 5000 years and has been splendid and interesting.

Ancient Egypt

When King Menes brought Upper and Lower Egypt together in 3150 BC, the first civilization of ancient Egypt was established. Pharaohs were the political and good rulers of the land at this time. His tombs were great pyramids, which they built and still serve today as a reminder of their power and influence. Cleopatra VII, who she ruled during the Hellenistic period, was one of the most famous pharaohs. She was remembered as a beautiful, intelligent lover of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. 

Greek and Roman Rule

At that time, Egypt was conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedonia and became part of the Greek empire, which Egypt shared as a Kingdom of two pharaohs. When he died, one of his generals took over Ptolemy I. Egypt was at a cultural and economic height under Greek rule. In 30 BC, Egypt—which, with the reign of Cleopatra in 30 BC, ruled over Palestine—was lost to the Roman Empire under Octavian, who later became Emperor Augustus. But during this time, Christianity also started to spread all over Egypt.

Islamic Conquest

This area was conquered by Arab armies in 641 AD and introduced to Islam. Egypt was ruled for two centuries by the Fatimid dynasty, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatima. Many landmarks, including the Mosque of Ibn Tulun and Al-Azhar Mosque, were constructed during this period.

Modern Egypt

British forces occupied and declared Egypt a protectorate in the late 19th century. Nevertheless, it became independent in 1922 and was a constitutional monarchy until the coup d'état, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, in 1952. Politics and economics in modern Egypt have not been easy. Today, it is still a major player in the Middle East, and the beautiful country attracts huge amounts of tourists all year to visit its rich history and cultural heritage.

Names in Egyptian history

Egypt has been home to many influential figures in its long history. Notable names include Hatshepsut – the first female pharaoh, Ramses II (ramson, son of the Sun), famous firstly for his military conquests, then for his building projects, and finally Tutankhamun, discovered accidentally in 1922 beneath the sands of Egypt. Modern Egyptians are immensely proud of their ancient heritage and still uphold and maintain it today through various cultural traditions and practices. Finally, Egypt's history is a blend of ancient civilizations, conquerors, rulers, and cultural influences, all sprung into motion. Its famous figures and enduring cultural practices of today are the legacy of its history. Being a country with such a curly and diverse history and challenges Egypt has seen through the centuries, this place is bizarre to people worldwide. 

Prehistory and Ancient Egypt 

The archaeological evidence points to human activity in Egypt going back at least 40,000 years. But river water, near fertile land, has been the lifeblood of early settlements, especially along the Nile River that snakes through the center of Egypt. Neolithic communities began farming wheat and barley in the Nile Valley in about 6000 BCE. However, built-up settlements became larger towns and cities, and society evolved into a complex society with social hierarchies and an organized religion.

Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt 

The death of Alexander the Great (after whom the name of the Greek 'Hellenistic' period, stretching roughly from 323 to 146 BCE, is derived) was followed by the brief rule by his general Ptolemy I Soter (ruled 323–285 BCE), who then became Egypt's king and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Ptolemies may have been Greek rulers, but they took in many aspects of Egyptian culture, such as language and religion. Egypt was conquered by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE and became a province of that empire. Though heavily influenced by the Romans, they continued to influence Egyptian culture; churches were built from Egyptian temples to traditional Egyptian gods, and Egyptian temples were converted into Christian churches.

The middle Ages (7th century – 1517)

As it has been said, Egypt was conquered by the Arab Islamic Caliphate in 641 AD. The result was the spread of Islam throughout the region and the creation of a new ruling dynasty, the Fatimids. Following a series of dynastic conflicts through the late 12th century, Egypt became part of the Ayyubid Sultanate. During Ayyubid rule, many cultural developments occurred in architecture, literature, and science.

Early modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867) 

In an invasion of 1517, Egypt became an Ottoman province under a governor appointed by the sultan. Yet, in 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha took over Egypt and started a semi-independent Egypt. His successors extended modernization and reform until Egypt was declared a British protectorate in 1914.

Egyptian Sultanate and Kingdom 

After 1922, Egypt broke away from the British yoke and became a constitutional monarchy under King Fuad I. However, this period was characterized by political disorder and fights between the Egyptian nationalists and the monarchy. A republic was created in 1952 after a group of young military officers headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the monarchy in a coup d'état. The 17th century was characterized by political repression, as well as by many social and economic reforms.

Under Nasser (1952–1970), Republican Egypt 

Under Nasser's rule, Egypt became a major regional political player and became the foreground of the Non-Aligned Movement. However, this was also where economic troubles and political oppression stemmed from his socialist policies and conflicts with other countries such as Israel.

Egypt during Sadat and Mubarak's rule (1971–2011) 

Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser in 1970 and continued that foreign peace policy with Israel. He was, however, assassinated in 1981, leading Hosni Mubarak to take power and rule for close to three decades. Under Mubarak's authoritarian regime, Egypt saw economic growth, but criticism continued regarding the human rights abuses. So it eventually came to pass, resulting in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Mubarak's overthrow, and the beginning of a new era of change. Since 2011, the country has seen revolution, political crisis, and transition (Revolution, Political Crisis and Transition) 

Egypt has been politically unstable and socially turbulent since the 2011 revolution. Conflict, protests about perceived corruption, and human rights abuses have occurred between different factions of the country, and the country has had multiple transitional governments. However, as challenging as those mentioned above may be, Egypt remains a key participant in regional politics and equally much of a cultural hub in the Middle East. Because it is a country with a long and rich history, a varied society, and a changing political terrain, there is much to discover. Egypt is a place that shows you the wonderful thing human civilization is, from its ancient wonders to all the modern stuff we've been building lately. So, let's keep exploring this mind-exciting land of uncountable tales. The best way to enter such land was from the past, so pack your bags because together, we will travel through time to explore what Egypt's got to offer. 

Geography 

Although most of what is said of Egypt focuses on ancient Egypt, modern Egypt has its distinct geography and culture. Egypt is in northeastern Africa, spanning a crossroad between two continents and three principal water bodies: the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Nile River. The diversity in this geographic area has played a large role in the shape of both the landscape and culture of today's Egypt. Agriculture and industry dominate the Nile Valley and Delta, where most of Egypt's 73 million people live. The capital, Cairo, is home to about 9 million people and is situated on the banks of the Nile. 

Climate

Egypt has hot, dry summers and mild winters. The hottest temperatures during some summers are over 100°F (38°C), yet the lowest temperatures during winter are seldom under 50°F (10°C). The country is very much controlled by the Nile River, which controls its temperatures and humidity levels. The river gets used in irrigation and helps evaporate the surrounding areas and thus cool areas down.

Biodiversity 

Various plants and animals are found in Egypt, especially in the Nile Delta and the west coast of the Red Sea. The country has more than 100 mammal species, such as camels, gazelles, and several species of rodents. Crocodiles, hippos, and other unique species live in the Nile River. Many of these animals, however, are endangered by habitat destruction and pollution. Egypt has recently made great efforts to protect its biodiversity by creating protected areas and promoting sustainable practices. This also includes the development of national parks and wildlife reserves.

Egypt is a fascinating country with something to offer travelers who seek adventure and to immerse themselves in the culture. Between its varied geography, wealth of biodiversity, and ever-changing political picture, Egypt remains a country that hooks and mystifies people from all over the globe.

Military and Foreign relations 

With far-reaching capabilities for both defense and security, Egypt has one of the largest and most powerful militaries in the Middle East. Regionally, the country has an important place (where), especially in its relations with neighboring countries and the world's leading powers. Egypt has long been at peace with Israel since the 1970s and has been a major mediator in Israel's conflicts with other Arab states. That makes it an important player in international organizations, including the United Nations and the African Union. And in recent years, Egyptian borders have been particularly vexed by the presence of extremist groups. Nonetheless, the government is trying to keep stability and security in the country while solving the two foreign problems. 

Law 

Egypt's legal system blends the application of Islamic law and civil code, incorporating French and Ottoman traditions. However, the government has been accused of mishandling human rights issues and of alleged political repression. A justice system has recently been tried to reform and increase transparency, but the challenges are not over. Concerning the independence of the judiciary Vis a Vis the executive branch, the latter is not to say fully autonomous; therefore, there is a question of quid pro quo in trials.

Human rights 

Egypt's human rights record is mixed. Though the country has done well on other fronts, like women's rights and education, there's dismay at freedom of expression and political participation. In the regime of Mubarak, there were allegations that human rights were abused, such as torture and arbitrary detention. According to activists and international organizations, there have been improvements since the 2011 revolution, but the issues persist.

Freedom of the press 

Especially in Egypt, the issue of freedom of the press is sensitive. There are independent media outlets, but the journalists often censor themselves or are harassed or censored by the government. Social media and online platforms have cracked down recently, and bloggers and activists have been arrested for posts. Egypt continues to grapple with press freedom as arguments about government control and censorship keep getting in the way of freedom of the press.

Administrative divisions 

The 27 governorates into which Egypt is divided, and Cairo constitute their administrative region. The governorates are then subdivided into districts and villages. Criticism of a lack of local autonomy occurs partly because there is so much central government control over the governors and their regions. Recently, calls have been made for decentralization and more power for local governments.

Economy 

Having a large economy, Egypt is one of Africa's largest economies in the Middle East. It comprises various industries ranging from agriculture and tourism to oil and gas production and manufacturing. Yet the country has struggled with economic issues more recently, with political instability and security concerns common. To stabilize the economy and attract foreign investment, the economy is being reformed by the government, including new currency devaluation and subsidy cuts. However, Egypt still has considerable potential for economic growth; the country has a young and growing population and a location that acts as a bridge between Africa, Asia, and Europe. The country is still trying to diversify its economy and promote sustainable growth. 

Energy 

With a rapidly multiplying population, Egypt is a country in need of increasing amounts of energy. Due to the country's high reliance on fossil fuels as an energy production source, renewable energy sources have always been given much more attention. The government is setting ambitious goals to grow renewables and decrease dependence on fossil fuels. The construction of large-scale solar and wind projects and incentives for private renewable investment are included. Egypt has abundant natural resources and a growing commitment to sustainable development and is consequently positioned to be the country's clean energy production leader. 

Transport 

The transportation system in Egypt is well-developed and consists of several kinds of transport used by locals and tourists. Cairo is the country's main international airport, but other state-owned airports provide further domestic and international flights. A railway network connects major cities and tourist attractions, while a broad bus and ferry services network exists. The government has been investing in improving infrastructure and wider public transportation options in the last few years. Egypt's transportation system is a step in uniting commerce and tourism. Despite that, there have been safety and efficiency concerns repeatedly, and attempts to modernize and improve the system continue. 

Water supply and sanitation 

From being a water resource essential for Egypt (for irrigation, agriculture, and drinking water of millions), a huge portion of this river can be listed. Nevertheless, it still lacks access to clean water and sanitation in good enough condition. Problems of aging infrastructure and poor planning in urban areas lead to frequent supply disruptions. Clean water and sanitation facilities are even scarcer in suburban areas. Attempts also have been made to better the scene, from putting funds into more infrastructure to public consciousness crusades raising the matter of saving water. Yet the challenges remain in places without doctors or little money. 

Demographics 

Egypt has over a hundred million people and is the most populated country in the Arab world and the third most populated in Africa. Most people live in urban areas, with Cairo being the biggest. Arabic is the official language, and Islam is the principal religion, with more than 90 percent of Egyptians claiming to be Muslim. Also, there are considerable Christian and minority communities. Egypt has recently had problems with its growing population, with joblessness rates rising and demand for natural resources increasing. To address this problem, the government has introduced a family planning policy and youth educational development policy. 

Ethnic groups 

The population in Egypt consists of varied ethnic groups that come from Arabs, Nubians, and Bedouins. Culture and identity in the country are also contributed to by ancient Egyptian ancestry. But at times, there had been ethnic tensions between groups in Egypt. For example, displaced Nubian communities have protested and been in conflict because of dam construction on the Nile River. Although efforts have been made on behalf of the government to make inclusivity and cultural diversity work, there are still problems regarding discrimination and unequal treatment. However, Egypt's rich and varied population enriches its society and history. 

Languages 

Although Arabic is Egypt's official language, several other languages are also spoken there. These include Arabic, Nub,ian, and Berber dialects. English is widely spoken in urban areas, particularly among those in the tourism industry, making it relatively easy for foreign visitors to communicate. There may be less English proficiency, however, in rural areas. It is only natural for such a populous and historically multicultural country as Egypt, and with a long history of trade and international relations, it has a project linguistic landscape. The country's many languages are part of its vibrant and dynamic society. 

Religion 

Firstly, religion is an important part of Egyptian society and has a lot of influence on the life of most Egyptians, as the Muslims in Egypt account for 10 million of the total 20 million inhabitants. Mosquées from all over the country can be heard chiming in for the call to prayer, and religious holidays are widely shared. Around 10 percent of the population are also Egyptian Christians. There have been tensions over different religious groups, although there is a powerful tradition of living together and tolerance in the country. Islam and Christianity are official government social religions, and citizens can practice Islam or Christianity. Egypt's cultural landscape is enriched with religion. 

Education 

Egyptians place a high value on education and following, and the country has well-established public and private school systems. Compulsory education is provided for 6 to 14-year-old children, and vocational and technical training opportunities exist. However, while others have made such efforts, rural areas still do not have good access to quality education. At the same time, there are gender disparities in education, with girls being less likely to attend school than boys. However, the government has introduced the establishment of new facilities and increased the opportunity to provide education at higher levels. Egypt has tremendous potential for economic growth and development, and education is still a key factor in touching this potential. 

Healthcare 

Many Egyptians do not have access to health care, especially in rural and poor areas. Underfunding and a shortage of resources saw the country's healthcare system make long wait times and access to care a tough prospect. In the past few years, the government has begun efforts to resolve these problems by investing more in healthcare and providing universal health insurance. However, there are still barriers regarding the quality of care and access to care for all citizens. Moreover, Egypt has public health problems of a high incidence of infectious diseases and noncommunicable diseases (diabetes and heart disease, for instance). Finally, improving the country's healthcare services is still the priority of the country's development. 

Largest cities 

More than 43% of Egypt's population lives in cities. The largest and most populous city is the capital, Cairo, followed by Alexandria and Giza. Besides being commerce and industry centers, these are culture and tourism hubs. They have their history, with ancient pyramids, bustling markets, and modern skyscrapers all taking their places. Yes, these cities might be equipped for problems like overpopulation and pollution. Still, they are also a window of opportunity par excellence in terms of economic growth as well as cultural exchange. Egypt's largest cities can continue to be vibrant, well-organized centers of activity if properly planned and developed. 

Culture 

The culture of Egypt draws on many centuries of its rich history, spanned by the Pharaohs, Greeks, Romans, and Ottomans. These impact the nation's literature, art, architecture, and gastronomy.  The culture of modern Egypt combines its traditional habits with modern trends. There is a lot of love for music, dance, and storytelling, and a strong emphasis on family and community values. In addition, Egypt's culture and economy are shaped in part by tourism. Visitors travel to see the Giza Pyramids or cruise down the Nile River. 

Arts 

Egyptian art and its tradition return to the long, elaborate hieroglyphics and sculptures of previous age’s right up to modern modes like film, music, and literature. Egyptian traditional art delivers mostly motifs and symbols from the country's historical past, while Egyptian artists of today investigate social and political matters. Cairo enjoys an artistic culture with exhibitions, festivals, and galleries showing local talent. In addition, the government supports organizations (particularly the Ministry of Culture and the Supreme Council of Antiquities) in the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of Egypt. 

Literature 

Works in Egypt's literature date back to Antiquity, and the archive has a rich and diverse history. Two of the best-known literary figures are Nobel Literature Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz and one of the earliest female writers from Egypt, Alifa Rifaat. There's now a blossoming literary scene in Egypt, with many distinguished authors and poets sharing issues of identity, social affairs, and political unrest. The Cairo International Book Fair is the biggest in the world and receives people from all across the globe who love books.

Media

Egypt's media has seen a big change in the past few years, with digital media and social networking platforms rising. The country has numerous state-owned and privately owned newspapers and television stations. Freedom of the press is a concern in Egypt, with some journalists facing censorship or persecution for public criticism of the government. The government also has some control over online content and has even shut down the internet during political unrest. A peaceful press is not free of problems – media competition to break news and likely news, media bias in certain cases, and some reports, stereotypes, hyperbole, media hype, etc., are all issues that affect Egyptian media. It has become an avenue too for citizen journalism and activism as digital media expands. 

Cinema 

Film is a big business in Egypt, often dubbed the 'Hollywood of the Middle East.' Egyptian cinema is one of the oldest in Africa; it has produced many famous movies and actors. Today, Egyptian cinema in a modern form––with different genres and styles––is growing constantly. Ghana joins the region's third-largest international Film Festival, The Cairo International Film Festival, one of the regions oldest and most prestigious international Film Festivals.

Music 

Egyptian music is deeply rooted in Egypt, and we can find a big heritage of traditional folk music and star fusion styles. Egyptian music is based on traditional instruments like the oud, qanun, and tabla, and Western influences influence modern Egyptian music. Egyptian musicians have become famous worldwide recently, with Amr Diab and Tamer Hosny filling playlists in the Middle East. Egypt is filled with music; street performers are common, and popular radio stations play Egyptian music. 

Dances 

Egypt has a fond tradition of colorful and lively dances, from dancing in different country regions. The most well-known is the traditional belly dance, which has grown over centuries and is still very popular entertainment in Egypt. Saidi, a folk dance performed at weddings and festive occasions, and the Tahtib, a stick dance dating from fighting arts periods, are more popular among the other dances. Also, part of cultural events and celebrations, these dances attract tourists who come to experience Egyptian culture firsthand. 

Museums

Some of the world's most famous and best-preserved ancient artifacts are in Egypt, a real treasure trove for archaeology fans. The Egyptian Museum in Cairo and many other museums worldwide contain relics from Antiquity, mummies, jewelry sculptures, etc. An additional noteworthy museum comprises the Alexandria National Museum (collections of Greece and Rome) and the Nubian Museum in Aswan (exhibits on Nubian history and culture). Aside from being important museums that preserve Egypt's cultural heritage, they are educational institutions for the locals and tourists. They give the country's rich history an insight and promote cultural understanding. 

Festivals 

Egypt has many religious and secular festivals that portray its cultural heritage. Perhaps the most famous is the Cairo International Festival for Experimental Theatre, where avant-garde performances are presented from across the globe. Sham El-Nessim is one of the many other popular festivals celebrated worldwide, including Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Brought together by these festivals, people celebrate and showcase all these parts of the Egyptian culture, like food, music, customs, and even rituals. They also attract tourists seeking to live out a cultural experience. 

Cuisine 

Egyptian cuisine reflects Egypt's long and varied past. Instead, it draws from Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and African cuisines to develop uniquely flavourful bites. However, famous Egyptian dishes include falafel, kosher, and ful medames. Egypt has amazing and delicious street food: Tamiya (Egyptian falafel) and kushari (rice, lentils, macaroni, and chickpeas mixed). In Egyptian culture, food is significant; meals are a social occasion when friends and family gather to eat traditional dishes. 

Sports 

Sports are a huge obsession throughout Egypt, with football (soccer) at the top. International competitions have been successful for the national team, which has also won the African Cup of Nations seven times. Other sports played are basketball, handball, and squash, which Egypt has brought to world-renowned athletes. Entertainment and competition sports are entertaining and competitive, but simultaneously, they are a source of national pride and unity. They get people from various backgrounds to support their country's team and to unite.