The Horn of Africa, from Eritrea to the Little Republic of Djibouti, borders Ethiopia to the west and south, and Somalia to the southeast. With one million citizens of Africa's smallest country, Djibouti is.
Etymology
Afar, in Djibouti, means "land of the nomads," so "Djibouti. Rising apart from France in 1977, Djibouti came to be known as the Republic of Djibouti. Close to the Gulf of Tadjoura, French colonists established a commercial port in the 1800s.
Early History
Over thousands of years, several ethnic groups have considered the current territory of Djibouti their home. First known occupants were small hunter-gatherer communities near the coast. Through this area in antiquity several empires like the Ottoman Empire, the Adal Sultanate, and the Aksumite Empire passed.
French Colonization
Growing out of a French colony known as Somaliland in the late 19th century, Djibouti developed. The French were drawn to Djibouti, a naval station and commercial port close by, strategically. From Djibouti to the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, they also built a railway.
Antique
Rich in history, thousands of years define Djibouti. Thanks in considerable part to its proximity to the Red Sea, the nation evolved as a major commerce hub for several civilizations, notably the Greek, Roman, and Egyptian ones. The region was also affected by Arab trade as well as later European colonial powers.
Islamic Introduction and Middle Ages
When Arab traders and missionaries arrived at Djibouti, they brought Islam in the seventh century. Fast expanding all throughout the nation, the church significantly influenced national life and culture. Like other Islamic nations, Djibouti belonged to the Middle Ages' Ajuran Sultanate and the Fatimid Caliphate. Tadjoura, Djibouti, first grew to be a prominent slave trafficking center. Ignoring Djibouti, the Walashma dynasty from the sixteenth century was a Somali clan. Their impact was limited, though, since later success came from the Afar people, who still account for a significant share of Djibouti's population today. European nations, starting in the late 1800s, started showing interest in Djibouti and its strategic location.
Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi is among the most famous names from Djibouti's past. Declared a king of Somalia, he fought Portuguese and Ottoman invasions in the sixteenth century. Known as "the Conqueror, "Al-Benghazi basically seized many parts of the current Ethiopia and Djibouti before his death in battle.
Early modern times
European nations started fighting for dominance over Djibouti in the 19th century. The French did at last create French Somaliland in 1888. Several explorers and adventurers, among them the well-known French naval officer Jean-Baptiste Marchand, made base at Djibouti early in the 20th century.
French colonization (1862–1977)
The infrastructure and economy of Djibouti developed quite significantly during French control. Building the Djibouti-Addis Ababa railway helped to export goods, including coffee, hides, and skins, as well as other commodities, and stimulated trade. Still, the French also carried policies supporting European immigrants over the native people.
The Republic of Djibouti
It was the Republic of Djibouti once Djibouti broke away from France in 1977. Active in the struggle for freedom, Hassan Gouled Aptidon ascended to the position of the first national president. Under his direction, Aptidon concentrated on building harmony among different ethnic groups as well as the infrastructure and economics of Djibouti.
Politics and Economy
Djibouti has struggled in the political and financial areas since gaining independence. Under the direction of President Ismail Omar Guelleh, who has been in office since 1999, the civil violence that tore through the nation in the 1990s has faded. One of the most stable economies in the region, Djibouti largely depends on its strategic location for military installations from surrounding nations and commercial paths.
Government
The president and prime minister, respectively, are the head of state and head of cabinet of the Djiboutian unitary parliamentary republic. For Djibouti, more political stability and growth top priority; nonetheless, debates have focused mostly on issues of human rights breaches and inadequate political freedom. Originally appointed in 1999 and re-elected for a fifth term in April 2021, the current president is Ismail Omar Guelleh.
Foreign relations
Apart from other international organizations, Djibouti is a member of the United Nations and the African Union and keeps close ties with its neighbours. Among the many foreign military installations the nation hosts are those of the United States, China, France, and Japan.
Military
Though tiny, Djibouti's military is well-qualified and equipped. Usually, the Horn of Africa has been involved in several peacekeeping operations.
Human rights
Although Djibouti's economy has developed, ongoing questions about political freedom and violations of human rights surround it. Attacks against the administration have claimed to limit press and speech freedom as well as to stifle opposition groups.
Administrative divisions
There is one city and six areas under the governor in Djibouti. Twenty districts split the areas even more.
Geography and Climate
Bound by Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, Djibouti is a little nation on the Horn of Africa. Its geography spans from desert to mountains along a seashore. The year-round searing temperatures define the arid climate.
Ecology
Though small, Djibouti features some odd species, including the Grevy's zebra and the Somali ostrich. Lake Abbe and Day Forest National Park are two of the various protected places across the nation.
Culture
Many ethnic groups, particularly the Afar and the Somali people, contribute to define Djibouti's customs. Apart from vibrant clothes and food mixing African, Middle Eastern, and French themes, traditional music and dance are vital components of the national cultural inheritance.
Transport
Roads, airports, and ports form Djibouti's well-developed transportation system, mostly serving as a means of connectivity to Ethiopia and a main commercial path. Additionally, prominently shown in the nation is the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway.
Media and telecommunication
Most media sources in Djibouti are owned and under the control of the government, therefore restricting journalistic independence. Lately, however, the use of cell phones and the internet has exploded and offers more access to information.
Education
Six to sixteen-year-olds have to show up for courses in Djibouti. Though the nation has made great educational progress, problems including high dropout rates and inadequate resources still exist.
Tourism
More and more people visit Djibouti because of its distinctive scenery, diverse fauna, and cultural past. The nation has worked to grow its travel business, therefore generating opportunities for trekking, diving, and wildlife safaris.
Energy
Though Djibouti mostly depends on imported energy sources, the nation has also made investments in renewable energy projects to help lower its demand for fossil fuels. These projects comprise wind and solar farms.
Population and demographics
Two ethnic groups account for most of the population residing in Djibouti: the Somali and Afar communities. French and Arabic are the official languages; Somali and Afar are also utilized extensively.
Religion
Since approximately 97% of Djibouti's population is Muslim, Islam is the most often followed religion there. Other religions practiced were traditional ones, such as Christianity.
Healthcare
Although the government gives its people free healthcare, resources, and medical personnel are in short supply. Many travel from their native nation for health care elsewhere.
Languages
The two recognized tongues of Djibouti are Arabic and French. Still, Somali and Afar are very common among other regional languages.
Music
Music drives Djiboutian society; performances showcase native instruments utilized here, such as the oud and darbuka. Somali pop and remote hip-hop are also beginning to show up in modern music scenes.
Cuisine
Combining French, Middle Eastern, and African elements defines Djiboutian cuisine. Among the regularly consumed dishes are lahoh, or pancake, and maraq, or stew. The country's proximity to the Red Sea influences seafood to be rather important in its cuisine as well.
Literature
Since traditional stories handed down over the years depend on oral storytelling, it is a fundamental aspect of Djiboutian civilization. From short tales to novels to poetry, Djibouti's literary offerings have exploded recently.
Sports
While the national team is playing internationally, football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Djibouti. Two more rather popular sports are basketball and track and field.
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