History of England

Rich in history and culture, England has always been absolutely vital for world events. From prehistoric societies to its function as a current world power, England's past is as intriguing as it is varied.

Toponymy 

Originating in Old English, "Land of the Angles," Englaland is England. Among the Germanic tribes settling in England in the Early Middle Ages were the Angles. Originally home to several tribes, it is acknowledged globally as belonging to the United Kingdom. 

Prehistory 

First arriving in England during the Ice Age more than 800,000 years ago. Early known occupants were gatherers and wood hunters living in caves. Among the most amazing relics from this age is Stonehenge, a strange prehistoric construction erected some 2,500 BC. Among the most well-known monuments in the world, Stonehenge is under construction. 

Ancient History 

Arriving in England in AD 43 the Romans brought roads, cities, and authority. Originally Londinium, now London, their main city was As Roman rule came to collapse in the fifth century, England was susceptible to invasion by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. These groups shaped English language, culture, and identity. 

The Middle Ages 

Tenth century English history is among the most well-known centuries there is. Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror from Normandy invaded and climbed to be King of England. This carried feudalism, the system defining Medieval England. The Magna Carta signed in 1215 prepared the ground for democracy and the rule of law. Approaching the middle of the 1300s, the Black Death basically took off over half of the population, but it also brought about social and economic changes as wealth became more evenly spread.

Early Modern Period 

England grew tremendously beginning in the late 15th century. After separating from the Catholic Church and establishing the Church of England, Henry VIII oversaw one modification. Among the numerous artistic triumphs of the Elizabethan age was Shakespeare's one on the 1588 Spanish Armada catastrophe.  Political unrest led to the English Civil War in the 17th century. Oliver Cromwell essentially oversaw England as a republic following King Charles I's death. The monarchy came back eventually, but its influence faded, and parliamentary democracy developed. 

Union with Scotland 

England and Scotland came under one nation—the Kingdom of Great Britain—by the Acts of Union in 1707. Ireland's 1801 inclusion into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came next. Later in the 20th century, Ireland gained its freedom; only Northern Ireland remains a part of the United Kingdom.) 

Industrial Revolution 

England expanded over the 18th and 19th centuries to be a major worldwide power in great part due to the Industrial Revolution. Major manufacturing, transportation, and agricultural developments over this century brought great urbanization and societal transformation. It also highlighted England's imperial expansion into Asia and Africa particularly. 

Late Modern and Contemporary Periods 

The mass industrial revolution occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. England rose globally in trade, manufacturing, and technology throughout the Industrial Revolution. Rising to be an empire, England also ruled territory all throughout Asia, Africa, and the Americas. By the 20th century, both World Wars had transformed England's foreign policy. England focused on rebuilding after World War II. This advanced nation now enjoys an amazing combination of legacy and innovation. 

Governance 

Parliamentary democracy is run from Westminster in London, England. Though it lacks a parliament of its own, unlike Scotland and Wales, England represents most of the United Kingdom. England claims a constitutional monarchy under Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.  Though the king's influence is primarily symbolic, the country's real power derives from its chosen government, which is run by the Prime Minister. 

Politics 

In terms of leadership, the country moves between two main political parties: Conservatives and Labor.  The Prime Minister is the head of government; King Charles III is the constitutional king of the country.  Currently serving as prime minister, Boris Johnson joined office in 2019.  England's own flag is also the red and white cross known as the St. George's Cross, set against a blue backdrop. "God Save the Queen" is the official national music, so adding still another point of interest. 

Law 

Among other countries, England has impacted laws in Australia, India, and the United States; it is among the oldest legal systems in the world. The Common Law system offers courts the structure for justice. Maintaining the rule of law and safeguarding people's liberties and rights have long been hallmarks of England.

Subdivisions 

Each of England's 48 ceremonial counties, controlled by a lord-lieutenant, is Hubs of trade and culture are cities such Birmingham, Manchester, and London. From undulating hills to thriving cities and charming towns, the nation boasts a varied terrain. Along with other national parks, including the Peak District and the well-known Lake District.

Geography 

Geographically, England is generally level with lovely beaches and undulating hills. Two very remarkable mountain ranges are the Lake District and the Pennies. On England's longest river, the Thames, London lies. Apart from its sea surroundings, England boasts moderate, wet winters and pleasant summers.

Climate 

The climate of England is pleasant but erratic. While winters are cold, summers are lovely; rainfall occurs all year long. Great Manchester had the lowest temperature—26.1°C (-15°F)—while Cambridge boasts the highest temperature ever recorded in England—38.7 °C (101.6 °F).

Economy 

Of all the UK, England boasts the biggest economy. Significant contributors are financial services, technology, and tourism; London is a top worldwide financial center. The British pound (£ is the money used in England. Until Brexit in 2020, England also gained from free trade and access to a single market as part of the European Union. 

Healthcare 

Publicly sponsored and offering free medical treatments to citizens, England's healthcare system is known as the NHS. Among the most often-known public health systems in the world is this one. But rising prices and an aging population have presented difficulties for the system lately. 

Demography 

England boasts a varied population of nearly 56 million. One of the most cosmopolitan civilizations in Europe, it hosts people from many backgrounds and races. White British people make up the biggest ethnic group, and Asian and Black communities follow them. Though there are regional languages, including Welsh and Cornish, English is the official language. 

Language 

Spoken mostly is English, derived from Old English. But thanks to immigration and cultural variety, languages such as Punjabi, Urdu, and Polish are also rather popular. 

Religion 

Officially, the Church of England (Anglican) is the religion, yet England hosts adherents of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and more. With people free to follow their beliefs, the nation boasts a past of religious tolerance and freedom. 

Education 

Children aged five to eighteen must attend English classes. Oxford and Cambridge, among other top universities in the globe, are found in this nation. Primary, secondary, and postsecondary education form a three-tier structure within the educational system. 

Culture 

The culture of England offers an interesting mix of old and modern. From Shakespeare's plays to Harry Potter, English art, literature, and film have taken front stage everywhere. Sporting interests abound in the nation as well; football and cricket are among the national hobbies most enjoyed here. 

Cuisine 

English cuisine defines breakfast, fish & chips, and Sunday roasts. Spices and flavors brought by foreign influences over time have produced dishes like chicken tikka masala. The national drink is tea, and English culture is in great part shaped by bars. 

Sport 

Football (soccer) is England's most watched sport as clubs like Manchester United and Liverpool attract fans from all around. Additionally, dear in English hearts are cricket, rugby, and tennis. Major athletic events England has hosted are Wimbledon and the Olympics.